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Microbiome in the Drosophila gut
The microbiota describes the sum of all symbiotic microorganisms (mutualism, commensalism or pathogenic) living on or in an organism. The fruit fly ''Drosophila melanogaster'' is a model organism and known as one of the most investigated organisms worldwide. The microbiota in flies is less complex than that found in humans. It still has an influence on the fitness of the fly, and it affects different life-history characteristics such as lifespan (life expectancy), resistance against pathogens (immunity) and metabolic processes (digestion). Considering the comprehensive toolkit available for research in ''Drosophila'', analysis of its microbiome could enhance our understanding of similar processes in other types of host-microbiota interactions, including those involving humans.
== Microbial Composition ==
''Drosophila melanogaster'' possesses a comparatively simple gut microbiota, consisting of only few bacterial species, mainly from two bacterial taxonomic groups: Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. The most common species belong to the families Lactobacillaceae (abundance of approx. 30%, members of the Firmicutes) and Acetobacteraceae (approx. 55%, members of the Proteobacteria). Other less common bacterial species are from the families Leuconostocaceae, Enterococceae, and Enterobacteriaceae (all with an abundance in between 2-4%).〔 The most common species include ''Lactobacillus plantarum'', ''Lactobacillus brevis'', ''Acetobacter pomorum'' and ''Enterococcus faecalis'', while other species such as ''Acetobacter aceti'', ''Acetobacter tropicalis'' and ''Acetobacter pasteurianus'' are also often found.〔
The particular species of the host fly has a central influence on the composition and quality of the gut microbiota, even if flies are raised under similar conditions.〔Broderick, N.A. and Lemaitre, B. (2012) Gut-associated microbes of Drosophila melanogaster. Gut Microbes 3, 307–321.〕 Nevertheless, the host’s diet and nutritional environment also shape the exact composition of the microbiota. For instance the exact pH of thr food can kill certain bacterial species.〔 In general, the type of food used by the fly affects the microbiota composition. Mushroom feeder species like ''Drosophila fallen'' and MicroDrosophila sp. harbour many Lactobacillales and generally maintain high bacterial diversity in their guts. The microbiota of flower feeders such as ''Drosophila elegans'' and ''Drosophila flavohirta'' shows higher abundance of Enterobacteriaceae and to a lesser extent of acido-philic bacteria (such as Acetobacteraceae and Lactobacillaceae) if compared to fruit-eating species such as ''Drosophila hydei'', ''Drosophila immigrans'', ''Drosophila sulfurigaster'', ''Drosophila melanogaster'', ''Drosophila sechellia'' or ''Drosophila takahashii''.〔 The microbial load and bacterial composition also vary with the age of the host fly.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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